Advanced c++ interview questions and answers 2

1. What is the difference between calling just throw and throw with an object in a catch block?

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A copy of the object is created if we throw with an object. With just throw, no copy is created.

2. What is a possible replacement for c static function in c++?

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Unnamed namespaces.

3. What is the size of an empty class, or class with only normal functions?

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Not zero, 1 for most compilers. The reason for this is to have different address for different object.

4.  What is the size of class with only virtual functions?

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4 with most of the compilers for a 32bit binary.

5. Which class name the following program will print?

    1 #include <typeinfo>
    2 #include <iostream>
    3 
    4 class B
    5 {
    6 };
    7 
    8 class D: public B
    9 {
   10 };
   11 
   12 int main(int argc, char **argv)
   13 {
   14     B *t = new D();
   15     std::cout << typeid(*t).name() << std::endl;
   16 }

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B
For RTTI to work correctly we need atleast one virtual function in the base class.

6. What is the output of the following program?

    1 #include <iostream>
    2 
    3 void print(double v)
    4 {
    5     std::cout << v << std::endl;
    6 }
    7 
    8 void print(long v)
    9 {
   10     std::cout << v << std::endl;
   11 }
   12 
   13 int main(int argc, char **argv)
   14 {
   15     print(1);
   16 }

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Compilation error: ambiguous function call : print(long(1)) or print(double(1))?

7. What is the output of the following program?

    1 #include <iostream>
    2 
    3 void print(double v)
    4 {
    5     void print(long v);
    6     print(v);
    7 }
    8 
    9 void print(long v)
   10 {
   11     std::cout << v << std::endl;
   12 }
   13 
   14 int main(int argc, char **argv)
   15 {
   16     print(1.0);
   17 } 

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1

8. What is the output of the following program?

    1 #include <iostream>
    2 
    3 class Base
    4 {
    5 public:
    6     void print(int v = 1)
    7     {
    8         std::cout << "Base : " << v << std::endl;
    9     }
   10 };
   11 
   12 class Derived: public Base
   13 {
   14 public:
   15     void print(int v = 10)
   16     {
   17         std::cout << "Derived : " << v << std::endl;
   18     }
   19 };
   20 
   21 
   22 int main(int argc, char **argv)
   23 {
   24     Derived o1;
   25     Base * o2 = &o1;
   26 
   27     o1.print();
   28     o2->print();
   29 
   30     return 0;
   31 }

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Derived : 10
Base : 1

9. How to declare a namespace alias?

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namespace MyLongNameSpaceName
{
...
}

namespace MLNSN = MyLongNameSpaceName;

10. Which is the macro that can be used to identify that we are using a c++ compiler?

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__cplusplus

11. How to declare c function in c++?

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By using extern "C".

extern "C" void print();

or

extern "C" {
    void print();
}

12. What is the difference between exit and abort?

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exit does a graceful process termination, it calls the destructors for all the constructed objects, with abort they are not called.
With exit the local With variables of the calling function and its callers will not have their destructors invoked.

13. Can I have static members in an union?

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No

14. Which are the operators that cannot be overloaded?

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::
.
.*

15. Suppose we have an Integer class as shown below, how do I support 2+ obj?

    1 #include <iostream>
    2 
    3 class Integer
    4 {
    5     int mV;
    6 
    7 public:
    8     explicit Integer(int v)
    9      : mV(v)
   10     {}
   11 
   12     Integer operator+(int v) const
   13     {
   14         return Integer(mV+v);
   15     }
   16 
   17     int value() const
   18     {
   19         return mV;
   20     }
   21 };
   22 
   23 int main(int argc, char **argv)
   24 {
   25     Integer v1(2);
   26 
   27     std::cout << (v1+2).value() << std::endl;
   28     std::cout << (2+v1).value() << std::endl;
   29 }

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Add a global operator+ function which takes int as first argument and Integer as the second argument.

    1 Integer operator+(int v, Integer iv)
    2 {
    3     return iv+v;
    4 } 

16. Can I overload destructor?

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No

17. Can I call destructor explicitly?

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Yes, but you only want to do that when you have used placement new. 

18. What is the output of the following program?

    1 #include <iostream>
    2 
    3 class Shape
    4 {
    5 public:
    6     virtual ~Shape()
    7     {};
    8     virtual void draw() = 0;
    9 };
   10 
   11 class Circle: public Shape
   12 {
   13 public:
   14     virtual void draw()
   15     {
   16         std::cout << "circle drawn" << std::endl;
   17     }
   18 };
   19 
   20 int main(int argc, char **argv)
   21 {
   22     Circle c;
   23     Shape *sp = &c;
   24 
   25     Circle *cp = &c;
   26     Shape **spp = &cp;
   27     
   28     (*spp)->draw();
   29 
   30     return 0;
   31 }

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Compilation error at 26; invalid conversion from ‘Circle**’ to ‘Shape**’

19. Where virtual inheritance should be used in a hierarchy?

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If we have a diamond class hierarchy we should use the virtual inheritance just below the top of the diamond

20. What is the output of the following program?

    1 
    2 #include <iostream>
    3 
    4 class Base
    5 {
    6 public:
    7     virtual ~Base()
    8     {}
    9 
   10     virtual void func1() = 0;
   11     virtual void func2() = 0;
   12 };
   13 
   14 class DerivedA: public virtual Base
   15 {
   16 public:
   17     void func1()
   18     {
   19         func2();
   20     }
   21 };
   22 
   23 class DerivedB: public virtual Base
   24 {
   25 public:
   26     void func2()
   27     {
   28         std::cout << "DerivedB::func2()" << std::endl;
   29     }
   30 };
   31 
   32 class Join: public DerivedA, public DerivedB
   33 {};
   34 
   35 int main(int argc, char **argv)
   36 {
   37     Join * j = new Join();
   38 
   39     DerivedA * da = j;
   40     DerivedB * db = j;
   41 
   42     da->func1();
   43     db->func1();
   44     
   45     delete j;
   46 
   47     return 0;
   48 }

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DerivedB::func2()
DerivedB::func2()

It is sometimes called "cross delegation". DerivedA ended up calling function of its sibling class DerivedB.

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